Is it handicapped or handicaped?
When adding -ing and -ed to verbs, we sometimes double the consonant beforehand. People are often confused with ‘benefitted/benefited’, ‘focussed/focused’ and ‘targetted/targeted’. This tip answers some of those queries.
The official requirements are that we ‘double a single consonant letter at the end of any base where the preceding vowel is spelled with a single letter and stressed’.
What does this mean in practice?
Examples:
| word | present participle | past participle |
|---|---|---|
| bar | barring | barred |
| beg | begging | begged |
| occur | occurring | occurred |
| permit | permitting | permitted |
| patrol | patrolling | patrolled |
It is true to say that there is usually no doubling when the preceding vowel is unstressed (‘enter’ becomes ‘entering/entered’; ‘visit’ becomes ‘visiting/visited’) or when the preceding vowel is written with two letters (‘dread’ becomes ‘dreading/dreaded’).
Verbs ending in ‘p’
Most verbs ending in ‘p’, after an unstressed vowel, have no doubling of that final consonant in standard received British English or US English.
Here are some which follow the ‘most verbs’ rule: ‘develop’, ‘gossip’, ‘gallop’ – these become just ‘developing/developed’, ‘gossiping/gossiped’, ‘galloping/galloped’.
Even here, there are pesky exceptions: ‘worship’, ‘handicap’ and ‘kidnap’ become ‘worshipping/worshipped’, ‘handicapping/handicapped’ and ‘kidnapping/kidnapped’ in standard received British English.
Some words change their spelling to cope (they add a letter ‘k’).
| word | present participle | past participle |
|---|---|---|
| panic | panicking | panicked |
| traffic | trafficking | trafficked |
| frolic | frolicking | frolicked |
| bivouac | bivouacking | bivouacked |
What about ‘focus’?
This word can take either double or single s, with the single option being highly preferred.
| word | present participle | past participle |
|---|---|---|
| focus | focusing/focussing | focused/focussed |
Here’s an odd one to end:
| American | British English |
|---|---|
| parallel | parallel |
| paralleling | parallelling |
| paralleled | parallelled |
Example:
The vetting service from Future Perfect is unparallelled.